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The objective of a hydro power scheme is to convert the potential energy of a mass of water, flowing in a stream with a certain fall (termed the “head”), into electric energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse is located. The power of the scheme is proportional to the flow and to the head. Medium and high head schemes use weirs to divert water to the intake, from where it is conveyed to the turbines, via a pressure pipe or penstock. Penstocks are expensive and consequently this design is usually uneconomic. A small hydropower scheme cannot afford a large reservoir to operate the plant when it is most convenient; the cost of a relatively large dam and its hydraulic appurtenances would be too high to make it economically viable. But if the reservoir has already been built for other purposes – flood control, irrigation network, water abstraction for a big city, recreation area.
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